From early clinical measurements to wearable neuroimaging, portable biomagnetism, ultralow-field NMR, and fundamental physics, QuSpin Zero Field Magnetometers have helped move extreme magnetic sensing from specialized laboratories into real-world research.
Explore selected milestones or browse the complete publication archive by year and application.
QZFM was developed for extremely sensitive magnetic measurements, not for a single scientific discipline. Its compact, noncryogenic architecture has allowed researchers to bring femtotesla sensing into an expanding range of experiments.
Wearable and whole-head magnetoencephalography, from healthy-participant studies to clinical neurological measurement.
Recording cardiac magnetic signals from adults and fetuses without cryogenic instrumentation.
Magnetomyography and neuromuscular measurement, including work inside compact mobile shields.
Detecting, tracking, and characterizing magnetic particles in fluids and biological samples.
Nuclear magnetic resonance and spectroscopy in the ultralow-field regime.
Precision field mapping in fundamental-physics experiments, biomagnetism beyond human subjects, and QZFM performance characterization.
The milestones below illustrate the expanding scale, capability, and application range of QZFM—from early noncryogenic biomagnetic measurements to multichannel triaxial systems and precision experiments beyond medicine.
Compact, room-temperature atomic sensors reach sensitivity comparable to cryogenic systems, and the first fetal cardiac measurements follow.
Why it matters: Established the compact form factor, sensitivity, and practical biomagnetic performance that set the direction for QZFM, and began the QuSpin–University of Wisconsin collaboration between sensor development and clinical biomagnetism.
Shah and Wakai presented a compact, room-temperature atomic magnetometer with a 2 × 2 × 5 cm sensor head and magnetic-field resolution below 10 fT/√Hz. In side-by-side measurements, the prototype produced adult magnetocardiography and magnetoencephalography recordings comparable in quality to those acquired with a cryogenic SQUID system.
Foundational precursor to QZFM — the prototype described here is not a commercial QZFM. The paper reported no fetal measurements, but identified multichannel fetal and adult magnetocardiography as a next step.
Read the publication Opens in a new tabWhy it matters: Established the possibility of making fetal magnetocardiography more adaptable and less expensive.
An early demonstration that noncryogenic optically pumped magnetometers could reproduce important fetal cardiac measurements traditionally acquired with SQUID systems.
Editorial note: confirm the exact QZFM model from the full methods before publishing this as a product-specific citation.
Read the publication Opens in a new tabWearable MEG with natural head movement, direct clinical detection of fetal arrhythmia, and the first applications well outside neuroimaging.
Why it matters: An early direct clinical demonstration that QZFM could detect fetal rhythm abnormalities with efficacy similar to a SQUID system, including abnormal repolarization that can be difficult to characterize using fetal echocardiography alone.
In a direct comparison with an FDA-approved SQUID system, a modular array of three to eight QuSpin Zero Field Magnetometers recorded fetal cardiac signals from healthy pregnancies and pregnancies complicated by serious arrhythmia or elevated arrhythmia risk. With the eight-sensor configuration and improved data acquisition, the OPM recordings approached the SQUID system's signal-to-noise performance.
Published online December 2017 · journal issue February 2018.
Read the publication Opens in a new tabWhy it matters: Introduced the enabling sensor architecture behind many of the applications featured on this page.
The foundational QZFM instrumentation paper describes a compact, integrated, and automated zero-field magnetometer designed for biomagnetic research and operation by non-specialists.
Read the publication Opens in a new tabWhy it matters: Removed one of the defining restrictions of conventional MEG: keeping a participant's head motionless inside a fixed cryogenic scanner.
A landmark wearable-MEG study showed that participants could move naturally while their brain activity was recorded using QuSpin sensors.
Read the publication Opens in a new tabWhy it matters: Demonstrated a non-destructive application outside neuroimaging, with potential relevance to magnetic-particle blood purification and process monitoring.
A QZFM-based system detected extremely small quantities of magnetic nanoparticles in flowing water and complex fluids in real time.
Read the publication Opens in a new tabWhy it matters: Addressed one of the central engineering requirements for practical OPM-MEG: maintaining the low-field environment needed by the sensors.
An array of Gen-1 QZFMs was combined with active magnetic-field compensation to support on-scalp MEG.
Read the publication Opens in a new tabWhy it matters: Moved the fetal application from early feasibility toward a credible lower-cost system concept. The paper estimated that the principal OPM system components could be assembled for roughly one-tenth the cost of the laboratory's SQUID and shielded-room installation, without cryogenic operation.
A QuSpin Zero Field Magnetometer array was compared directly with a multichannel SQUID system in fetal magnetocardiography, including recordings from fetuses with clinically significant arrhythmias. The study reported comparable cardiac interval measurements and framed the QZFM-based system as a substantially more practical route to fetal cardiac electrophysiology.
Cost comparison is the paper's own estimate for that laboratory's installation — not a current QuSpin price.
Read the publication Opens in a new tabSmall experimental arrays give way to whole-head systems, with systematic movement correction and three-component sensing from each location.
Why it matters: Marked the transition from small experimental arrays to a scalable whole-head imaging platform.
Researchers constructed a whole-head wearable MEG system using 49 second-generation QZFMs and compared its measurements with a conventional MEG system.
49 QZFMs
Read the publication Opens in a new tabWhy it matters: Advanced wearable MEG from demonstrating movement to measuring and correcting its magnetic effects systematically.
Moving QZFMs and optical tracking were used to map residual magnetic fields and correct interference caused when a participant moves through the shielded room.
Read the publication Opens in a new tabWhy it matters: Three-component sensing captures more field information, supports improved interference rejection, and makes wearable MEG more practical across different head sizes.
The study validated compact triaxial QuSpin sensors and applied them to neuromagnetic measurements in children.
Read the publication Opens in a new tabEpileptiform activity, robust portable platforms, precision physics instrumentation, and direct comparison against established neuroimaging.
Why it matters: Demonstrated movement from healthy-participant experiments toward clinically relevant neurological measurements.
QZFM-based MEG recorded both seizure and interictal epileptiform activity in people with epilepsy.
Read the publication Opens in a new tabWhy it matters: Shows QZFM being used for sophisticated material and biomedical nanoparticle characterization, not simply detecting an externally driven magnetic signal.
Two Gen-2 QZFMs measured the magnetic thermal noise of nanoparticles to monitor clustering and immobilization.
Read the publication Opens in a new tabWhy it matters: Brings together portability, robustness, movement tolerance, and multimodal measurement in a mature research platform.
The platform supported free movement, simultaneous EEG, operation in larger residual fields, and transport between laboratories.
Read the publication Opens in a new tabWhy it matters: Extends QZFM biomagnetism into portable, non-invasive neuromuscular measurements.
A triaxial QZFM Gen-3 measured magnetic signals from muscle inside a small mobile shield rather than relying exclusively on a walk-in shielded room.
Read the publication Opens in a new tabWhy it matters: Demonstrates QZFM as precision instrumentation in a fundamental-physics experiment, far beyond its better-known biomedical applications.
The TUCAN neutron electric-dipole-moment experiment characterized QZFM offset, stability, linearity, operating range, and multisensor crosstalk for precise residual-field mapping.
First posted in 2024 · journal publication in 2025.
Read the publication Opens in a new tabWhy it matters: Provides quantified evidence that modern OPM measurements can exceed established non-invasive neuroimaging technologies in a suitable paradigm.
In a direct auditory-neuroimaging comparison, QZFM-based OPM measurements outperformed both EEG and conventional SQUID-MEG on important signal-quality metrics.
Recent publication — verify all numerical claims against the final paper before citing.
Read the publication Opens in a new tabThis archive includes publications that directly use QZFM sensors, characterize QZFM performance, or describe enabling systems designed around QZFM. Entries that discuss general OPM theory without direct QZFM use are identified separately.
Friese S, Wunderl P, Jensch T, Wunderl L, Wolf CM, Reich B, Meierhofer C, Heckel R, Diebold I, Martens E, Westphal D, Fierlinger P, Ewert P, Wacker-Gussmann A. · Am Heart J Plus · 2026 · DOI 10.1016/j.ahjo.2026.100813
Wacker-Gussmann A, Narushima K, Tardelli G, Wakai RT, Strasburger JF, Wunderl L, Jensch T, Heckel R, Lobmaier SM, Nagdyman N, Ewert P, Fierlinger P. · Arch Gynecol Obstet · 2026 · DOI 10.1007/s00404-026-08403-5
Li Y, Lu H, Xiang M, Yang J, Su B, Cao F. · Biosensors (Basel) · 2026 · DOI 10.3390/bios16060338
Christiano OR, Michelmann S. · Imaging Neurosci (Camb) · 2026 · DOI 10.1162/imag.a.1218
Wang W, Zhang G, Wang B, Zhou D, Ding N, Huang Z, Zheng S, Cheng Q, Yu M, Xiang M, Chen Y, Duan J, Yu D. · Theranostics · 2026 · DOI 10.7150/thno.117893
Fabricant AM, Picazo-Frutos R, Teleanu F, Rees GJ, Kircher R, Lin M, Evans W, Luc PM, House RA, Bruce PG, Krüger P, Blanchard JW, Eills J, Sheberstov KF, Körber R, Budker D, Barskiy DA, Jerschow A. · Chem Sci · 2026 · DOI 10.1039/d5sc04419g
Suzuki K, Takeda Y, Hiroe N, Holmes N, Yamashita O. · Imaging Neurosci (Camb) · 2026 · DOI 10.1162/imag.a.1137
Brickwedde M, Anders P, Krüger P, Sander T, Uhlhaas PJ. · iScience · 2026 · DOI 10.1016/j.isci.2026.115489
In a direct auditory-neuroimaging comparison, QZFM-based OPM measurements outperformed both EEG and conventional SQUID-MEG on important signal-quality metrics.
Why it matters: Provides quantified evidence that modern OPM measurements can exceed established non-invasive neuroimaging technologies in a suitable paradigm.
Xu J, Kircher R, Tretiak O, Budker D, Barskiy DA. · Nat Commun · 2026 · DOI 10.1038/s41467-026-68779-5
Escalona-Vargas D, Ramirez A, Siegel ER, Bolin EH, Eswaran H. · Sci Rep · 2025 · DOI 10.1038/s41598-025-90846-y
Escalona-Vargas D, Ramirez A, Eswaran H. · Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc · 2025 · DOI 10.1109/embc58623.2025.11254742
Xu W, Wang W, Cao F, An N, Li W, Wang B, Wang C, Ning X, Liu Y. · Bioengineering (Basel) · 2025 · DOI 10.3390/bioengineering12121370
Li Y, Wang D, Lu H, Ma Y, Wang C, Su B, Yang J, Cao F, Ning X. · Biosensors (Basel) · 2025 · DOI 10.3390/bios15100680
Liu C, Ma Y, Liang X, Xiang M, Wu H, Ning X. · Hum Brain Mapp · 2025 · DOI 10.1002/hbm.70175
Tanner Z, Rier L, Fildes J, Reina Rivero G, Schofield H, Marani C, Holmes N, Hill RM, Shah V, Doyle C, Osborne J, Bobela D, Brookes MJ, Boto E. · Imaging Neurosci (Camb) · 2025 · DOI 10.1162/imag.a.10
Lu H, Li Y, Xiang M, Ma Y, Gao Y, Ning X. · Bioengineering (Basel) · 2025 · DOI 10.3390/bioengineering12101022
West TO, Steidel K, Flessner T, Calvano A, Kucukahmetler D, Stam MJ, Spedden ME, Wahl B, Jousmäki V, Eraifej J, Oswal A, Saifee TA, Barnes G, Farmer SF, Pedrosa DJ, Cagnan H. · Neurobiol Dis · 2025 · DOI 10.1016/j.nbd.2025.106858
Safar K, Vandewouw MM, Rhodes N, Sato J, Taylor MJ. · Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci · 2025 · DOI 10.1093/scan/nsaf076
Sanders BJ, Gilmartin CGS, Rier L, Gascoyne L, McCann E, Cabrera J, Leggett J, Holmes N, Hill RM, Boto E, Rhodes N, Castleman C, Hibbert A, Ford DC, Schofield H, Doyle C, Osborne J, Bobela D, Shah V, Mullinger KJ, Radford K, Brookes MJ, Evangelou N. · Neuroimage Clin · 2025 · DOI 10.1016/j.nicl.2025.103888
Rivero GR, Tanner Z, Rier L, Hill RM, Shah V, Rea M, Doyle C, Osborne J, Bobela D, Morris PG, Mullinger KJ, Boto E, Holmes N, Brookes MJ. · Sci Rep · 2025 · DOI 10.1038/s41598-025-08037-8
Wang W, Cao F, An N, Li W, Wang C, Gao Z, Xiang M, Ning X. · Bioengineering (Basel) · 2025 · DOI 10.3390/bioengineering12090903
Marhl U, Hren R, Sander T, Jazbinšek V. · Sensors (Basel) · 2025 · DOI 10.3390/s25092706
Arif Y, Heinrichs-Graham E, Wildy AM, Ward TW, Diedrich A, Embury CM, Rempe MP, Glesinger RJ, Shen Z, McDonald KM, Huang PJ, Bashford S, Taylor BK, Kurz MJ, Wilson TW. · Neuroimage · 2025 · DOI 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121393
Liang X, Wu H, Ma Y, Liu C, Ning X. · Biology (Basel) · 2025 · DOI 10.3390/biology14010091
Rhodes N, Rier L, Boto E, Hill RM, Brookes MJ. · Imaging Neurosci (Camb) · 2025 · DOI 10.1162/imag.a.8
Schofield H, Hill RM, Rier L, Kennett E, Rivero GR, Gibson J, Tyler A, Tanner Z, Worcester F, Hayward T, Osborne J, Doyle C, Shah V, Boto E, Holmes N, Brookes MJ. · Imaging Neurosci (Camb) · 2025 · DOI 10.1162/imag.a.1042
Spedden ME, O'Neill GC, West TO, Tierney TM, Mellor S, Alexander NA, Seymour R, Lundbye-Jensen J, Nielsen JB, Farmer SF, Bestmann S, Barnes GR. · Sensors (Basel) · 2025 · DOI 10.3390/s25134160
Holmes N, Leggett J, Hill RM, Rier L, Boto E, Schofield H, Hayward T, Dawson E, Woolger D, Shah V, Taulu S, Brookes MJ, Bowtell R. · IEEE Trans Biomed Eng · 2025 · DOI 10.1109/tbme.2024.3465654
Wu H, Yu H, Chen X, Gao Y, Ning X. · Micromachines (Basel) · 2025 · DOI 10.3390/mi17010022
Andrews B, Lai M, Wang Z, Kato N, Tayler MCD, Druga E, Ajoy A. · PNAS Nexus · 2025 · DOI 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgaf187
Alexander NA, Medrano J, Seymour RA, Mellor S, O'Neill GC, Spedden ME, Tierney TM, Maguire EA. · Eur J Neurosci · 2025 · DOI 10.1111/ejn.70060
Rhodes N, Bandhan J, Vandewouw MM, Coleman SC, Taylor MJ. · Sci Rep · 2025 · DOI 10.1038/s41598-025-12131-2
O'Neill GC, Seymour RA, Mellor S, Alexander NA, Tierney TM, Bernachot L, Fahimi Hnazaee M, Spedden ME, Timms RC, Bush D, Bestmann S, Brookes MJ, Barnes GR. · Imaging Neurosci (Camb) · 2025 · DOI 10.1162/imag_a_00495
Hill RM, Reina Rivero G, Tyler AJ, Schofield H, Doyle C, Osborne J, Bobela D, Rier L, Gibson J, Tanner Z, Boto E, Bowtell R, Brookes MJ, Shah V, Holmes N. · Imaging Neurosci (Camb) · 2025 · DOI 10.1162/imag_a_00535
Lin CS, Tierney TM, Mellor S, O'Neill GC, Bestmann S, Barnes GR, Miall RC. · Front Hum Neurosci · 2025 · DOI 10.3389/fnhum.2025.1638751
Rhodes N, Rier L, Singh KD, Sato J, Vandewouw MM, Holmes N, Boto E, Hill RM, Rea M, Taylor MJ, Brookes MJ. · Imaging Neurosci (Camb) · 2025 · DOI 10.1162/imag_a_00527
Michael Zhao, Russell Mammei, Derek Fujimoto · Measurement Science and Technology 36(1), 015113 · 2025 · DOI 10.1088/1361-6501/ad89e6
The TUCAN neutron electric-dipole-moment experiment characterized QZFM offset, stability, linearity, operating range, and multisensor crosstalk for precise residual-field mapping.
Why it matters: Demonstrates QZFM as precision instrumentation in a fundamental-physics experiment, far beyond its better-known biomedical applications.
Yang H, Klotz T, Gizzi L, Lu H, Monittola G, Schneider U, Siegel M, Marquetand J. · Sci Rep · 2025 · DOI 10.1038/s41598-025-06545-1
Spedden ME, O'Neill GC, West TO, Tierney TM, Mellor S, Alexander NA, Seymour R, Lundbye-Jensen J, Nielsen JB, Farmer SF, Bestmann S, Barnes GR. · Data Brief · 2025 · DOI 10.1016/j.dib.2025.111574
Escalona-Vargas D, Siegel ER, Bolin EH, Eswaran H. · Med Eng Phys · 2024 · DOI 10.1016/j.medengphy.2024.104175
Jiang M, Hong T, Hu D, Chen Y, Yang F, Hu T, Yang X, Shu J, Zhao Y, Peng X, Du J. · Nat Commun · 2024 · DOI 10.1038/s41467-024-47566-0
Liang X, Wang R, Wu H, Ma Y, Liu C, Gao Y, Yu D, Ning X. · Bioengineering (Basel) · 2024 · DOI 10.3390/bioengineering11080773
Schofield H, Hill RM, Feys O, Holmes N, Osborne J, Doyle C, Bobela D, Corvilain P, Wens V, Rier L, Bowtell R, Ferez M, Mullinger KJ, Coleman S, Rhodes N, Rea M, Tanner Z, Boto E, de Tiège X, Shah V, Brookes MJ. · Imaging Neurosci (Camb) · 2024 · DOI 10.1162/imag_a_00283
The platform supported free movement, simultaneous EEG, operation in larger residual fields, and transport between laboratories.
Why it matters: Brings together portability, robustness, movement tolerance, and multimodal measurement in a mature research platform.
Zhao R, Wang R, Gao Y, Ning X. · Bioengineering (Basel) · 2024 · DOI 10.3390/bioengineering11050428
Ma Y, Liang X, Wu H, Lu H, Li Y, Liu C, Gao Y, Xiang M, Yu D, Ning X. · Bioengineering (Basel) · 2024 · DOI 10.3390/bioengineering11121258
Hill RM, Schofield H, Boto E, Rier L, Osborne J, Doyle C, Worcester F, Hayward T, Holmes N, Bowtell R, Shah V, Brookes MJ. · Imaging Neurosci (Camb) · 2024 · DOI 10.1162/imag_a_00112
Seedat ZA, Pier KS, Holmes N, Rea M, Al-Hilaly L, Tierney TM, Embury CM, Pardington R, Mullinger KJ, Cross JH, Boto E, Brookes MJ. · Imaging Neurosci (Camb) · 2024 · DOI 10.1162/imag_a_00179
Rier L, Rhodes N, Pakenham DO, Boto E, Holmes N, Hill RM, Reina Rivero G, Shah V, Doyle C, Osborne J, Bowtell RW, Taylor M, Brookes MJ. · Elife · 2024 · DOI 10.7554/elife.94561
Safar K, Vandewouw MM, Sato J, Devasagayam J, Hill RM, Rea M, Brookes MJ, Taylor MJ. · Sci Rep · 2024 · DOI 10.1038/s41598-024-56878-6
Nordenström S, Lebedev V, Hartwig S, Kruse M, Marquetand J, Broser P, Middelmann T. · Sci Rep · 2024 · DOI 10.1038/s41598-024-69829-y
A triaxial QZFM Gen-3 measured magnetic signals from muscle inside a small mobile shield rather than relying exclusively on a walk-in shielded room.
Why it matters: Extends QZFM biomagnetism into portable, non-invasive neuromuscular measurements.
Spedden ME, O’Neill GC, Timms RC, West TO, Mellor S, Tierney TM, Alexander NA, Seymour R, Farmer SF, Bestmann S, Barnes GR. · 2024 · DOI 10.1101/2024.05.01.591590
Bu Y, Burks J, Yang K, Prince J, Borna A, Coe CL, Simmons A, Tu XM, Baker D, Kimball D, Rao R, Shah V, Huang M, Schwindt P, Coleman TP, Lerman I. · Commun Biol · 2024 · DOI 10.1038/s42003-024-06435-8
Fabricant AM, Put P, Barskiy DA. · Front Plant Sci · 2024 · DOI 10.3389/fpls.2024.1352282
Tierney TM, Seedat Z, St Pier K, Mellor S, Barnes GR. · Hum Brain Mapp · 2024 · DOI 10.1002/hbm.26596
Ghahremani Arekhloo N, Wang H, Parvizi H, Tanwear A, Zuo S, McKinlay M, Garcia Nuñez C, Nazarpour K, Heidari H. · Front Med Technol · 2024 · DOI 10.3389/fmedt.2024.1457535
Vandewouw MM, Sato J, Safar K, Rhodes N, Taylor MJ. · Dev Cogn Neurosci · 2024 · DOI 10.1016/j.dcn.2024.101433
Picazo-Frutos R, Sheberstov KF, Blanchard JW, Van Dyke E, Reh M, Sjoelander T, Pines A, Budker D, Barskiy DA. · Nat Commun · 2024 · DOI 10.1038/s41467-024-48390-2
Wurm D, Ewert P, Fierlinger P, Wakai RT, Wallner V, Wunderl L, Wacker-Gußmann A. · J Clin Med · 2023 · DOI 10.3390/jcm12103380
Tardelli GP, Phan T, Strasburger J, Baffa O, Wakai R. · J Clin Med · 2023 · DOI 10.3390/jcm12093078
Zhu K, Kiourti A. · Sensors (Basel) · 2023 · DOI 10.3390/s23125567
Abel C, Ayres NJ, Ban G, Bison G, Bodek K, Bondar V, Bouillaud T, Chanel E, Chen J, Chen W, Chiu PJ, Crawford CB, Daum M, Doorenbos CB, Emmenegger S, Ferraris-Bouchez L, Fertl M, Fratangelo A, Griffith WC, Grujic ZD, Harris P, Kirch K, Kletzl V, Koss PA, Krempel J, Lauss B, Lefort T, Mullan P, Naviliat-Cuncic O, Pais D, Piegsa FM, Pignol G, Rawlik M, Rienäcker I, Ries D, Roccia S, Rozpedzik D, Saenz-Arevalo W, Schmidt-Wellenburg P, Schnabel A, Segarra EP, Severijns N, Shelton T, Svirina K, Tavakoli Dinani R, Thorne J, Virot R, Yazdandoost N, Zejma J, Ziehl N, Zsigmond G. · Eur Phys J C Part Fields · 2023 · DOI 10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-12225-z
Hnazaee MF, Sure M, O'Neill GC, Leogrande G, Schnitzler A, Florin E, Litvak V. · Imaging Neurosci (Camb) · 2023 · DOI 10.1162/imag_a_00029
Rhodes N, Rea M, Boto E, Rier L, Shah V, Hill RM, Osborne J, Doyle C, Holmes N, Coleman SC, Mullinger K, Bowtell R, Brookes MJ. · Neuroimage · 2023 · DOI 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120024
Holmes N, Rea M, Hill RM, Boto E, Leggett J, Edwards LJ, Rhodes N, Shah V, Osborne J, Fromhold TM, Glover P, Montague PR, Brookes MJ, Bowtell R. · Sensors (Basel) · 2023 · DOI 10.3390/s23125454
Hillebrand A, Holmes N, Sijsma N, O'Neill GC, Tierney TM, Liberton N, Stam AH, van Klink N, Stam CJ, Bowtell R, Brookes MJ, Barnes GR. · Sci Rep · 2023 · DOI 10.1038/s41598-023-31111-y
QZFM-based MEG recorded both seizure and interictal epileptiform activity in people with epilepsy.
Why it matters: Demonstrated movement from healthy-participant experiments toward clinically relevant neurological measurements.
Rier L, Michelmann S, Ritz H, Shah V, Hill RM, Osborne J, Doyle C, Holmes N, Bowtell R, Brookes MJ, Norman KA, Hasson U, Cohen JD, Boto E. · Imaging Neurosci (Camb) · 2023 · DOI 10.1162/imag_a_00020
Feys O, Corvilain P, Labyt E, Mahmoudzadeh M, Routier L, Sculier C, Holmes N, Brookes M, Goldman S, Romain R, Mitryukovskiy S, Palacios-Laloy A, Schwartz D, Betrouni N, Derambure P, Wallois F, Wens V, De Tiège X. · Front Neurosci · 2023 · DOI 10.3389/fnins.2023.1284262
Everaert K, Sander T, Körber R, Löwa N, Van Waeyenberge B, Leliaert J, Wiekhorst F. · Nanoscale Adv · 2023 · DOI 10.1039/d3na00016h
Two Gen-2 QZFMs measured the magnetic thermal noise of nanoparticles to monitor clustering and immobilization.
Why it matters: Shows QZFM being used for sophisticated material and biomedical nanoparticle characterization, not simply detecting an externally driven magnetic signal.
Greco A, Baek S, Middelmann T, Mehring C, Braun C, Marquetand J, Siegel M. · Sci Rep · 2023 · DOI 10.1038/s41598-023-49347-z
Put P, Alcicek S, Bondar O, Bodek Ł, Duckett S, Pustelny S. · Commun Chem · 2023 · DOI 10.1038/s42004-023-00928-z
Eills J, Picazo-Frutos R, Bondar O, Cavallari E, Carrera C, Barker SJ, Utz M, Herrero-Gómez A, Marco-Rius I, Tayler MCD, Aime S, Reineri F, Budker D, Blanchard JW. · Anal Chem · 2023 · DOI 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c02087
Yang Y, Wang H, Liu Z, Wang Y, Han X, Jia Y, Pang J, Xie F, Yu D, Zhang Y, Xiang M, Ning X. · iScience · 2023 · DOI 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108235
Xiang J, Yu X, Bonnette S, Anand M, Riehm CD, Schlink B, Diekfuss JA, Myer GD, Jiang Y. · Brain Sci · 2023 · DOI 10.3390/brainsci13040663
Skidchenko E, Butorina A, Ostras M, Vetoshko P, Kuzmichev A, Yavich N, Malovichko M, Koshev N. · Sensors (Basel) · 2023 · DOI 10.3390/s23094256
Rea M, Boto E, Holmes N, Hill R, Osborne J, Rhodes N, Leggett J, Rier L, Bowtell R, Shah V, Brookes MJ. · Ann N Y Acad Sci · 2022 · DOI 10.1111/nyas.14890
An N, Cao F, Li W, Wang W, Xu W, Wang C, Xiang M, Gao Y, Sui B, Liang A, Ning X. · iScience · 2022 · DOI 10.1016/j.isci.2022.103752
Marhl U, Jodko-Władzińska A, Brühl R, Sander T, Jazbinšek V. · PLoS One · 2022 · DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0262669
Mardell LC, O’Neill GC, Tierney TM, Timms RC, Zich C, Barnes GR, Bestmann S. · 2022 · DOI 10.1101/2022.05.12.491623
Semeia L, Middelmann T, Baek S, Sometti D, Chen H, Grimm A, Lerche H, Martin P, Kronlage C, Braun C, Broser P, Siegel M, Breu MS, Marquetand J. · Front Neurosci · 2022 · DOI 10.3389/fnins.2022.1010242
Bu Y, Prince J, Mojtahed H, Kimball D, Shah V, Coleman T, Sarkar M, Rao R, Huang M, Schwindt P, Borna A, Lerman I. · Front Physiol · 2022 · DOI 10.3389/fphys.2022.798376
Wang H, Zuo S, Cerezo-Sánchez M, Arekhloo NG, Nazarpour K, Heidari H. · Front Neurosci · 2022 · DOI 10.3389/fnins.2022.1020546
Van Dyke ET, Eills J, Picazo-Frutos R, Sheberstov KF, Hu Y, Budker D, Barskiy DA. · Sci Adv · 2022 · DOI 10.1126/sciadv.abp9242
Holmes N, Rea M, Chalmers J, Leggett J, Edwards LJ, Nell P, Pink S, Patel P, Wood J, Murby N, Woolger D, Dawson E, Mariani C, Tierney TM, Mellor S, O'Neill GC, Boto E, Hill RM, Shah V, Osborne J, Pardington R, Fierlinger P, Barnes GR, Glover P, Brookes MJ, Bowtell R. · Sci Rep · 2022 · DOI 10.1038/s41598-022-17346-1
Iivanainen J, Borna A, Zetter R, Carter TR, Stephen JM, McKay J, Parkkonen L, Taulu S, Schwindt PDD. · Sensors (Basel) · 2022 · DOI 10.3390/s22083059
An KM, Shim JH, Kwon H, Lee YH, Yu KK, Kwon M, Chun WY, Hirosawa T, Hasegawa C, Iwasaki S, Kikuchi M, Kim K. · Sci Rep · 2022 · DOI 10.1038/s41598-022-21870-5
Mellor S, Tierney TM, OaNeill GC, Alexander N, Seymour RA, Holmes N, Lopez JD, Hill RM, Boto E, Rea M, Roberts G, Leggett J, Bowtell R, Brookes MJ, Maguire EA, Walker MC, Barnes GR. · IEEE Trans Biomed Eng · 2022 · DOI 10.1109/tbme.2021.3100770
Moving QZFMs and optical tracking were used to map residual magnetic fields and correct interference caused when a participant moves through the shielded room.
Why it matters: Advanced wearable MEG from demonstrating movement to measuring and correcting its magnetic effects systematically.
An N, Cao F, Li W, Wang W, Xu W, Wang C, Xiang M, Gao Y, Sui B, Wang D, Yu D, Ning X. · iScience · 2022 · DOI 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105177
Xiang J, Tong H, Jiang Y, Barnes-Davis ME. · J Integr Neurosci · 2022 · DOI 10.31083/j.jin2105145
Tierney TM, Mellor S, O'Neill GC, Timms RC, Barnes GR. · Neuroimage · 2022 · DOI 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119338
Boto E, Shah V, Hill RM, Rhodes N, Osborne J, Doyle C, Holmes N, Rea M, Leggett J, Bowtell R, Brookes MJ. · Neuroimage · 2022 · DOI 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119027
The study validated compact triaxial QuSpin sensors and applied them to neuromagnetic measurements in children.
Why it matters: Three-component sensing captures more field information, supports improved interference rejection, and makes wearable MEG more practical across different head sizes.
Yang Y, Xu M, Liang A, Yin Y, Ma X, Gao Y, Ning X. · Sci Rep · 2021 · DOI 10.1038/s41598-021-84971-7
Kutschka H, Doeller CF, Haueisen J, Maess B. · Sci Rep · 2021 · DOI 10.1038/s41598-021-01894-z
Wittevrongel B, Holmes N, Boto E, Hill R, Rea M, Libert A, Khachatryan E, Van Hulle MM, Bowtell R, Brookes MJ. · BMC Biol · 2021 · DOI 10.1186/s12915-021-01073-6
Rea M, Holmes N, Hill RM, Boto E, Leggett J, Edwards LJ, Woolger D, Dawson E, Shah V, Osborne J, Bowtell R, Brookes MJ. · Neuroimage · 2021 · DOI 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118401
Seymour RA, Alexander N, Mellor S, O'Neill GC, Tierney TM, Barnes GR, Maguire EA. · Neuroimage · 2021 · DOI 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118604
Sometti D, Semeia L, Baek S, Chen H, Righetti G, Dax J, Kronlage C, Kirchgässner M, Romano A, Heilos J, Staber D, Oppold J, Middelmann T, Braun C, Broser P, Marquetand J. · Front Physiol · 2021 · DOI 10.3389/fphys.2021.724755
Fabricant A, Iwata GZ, Scherzer S, Bougas L, Rolfs K, Jodko-Władzińska A, Voigt J, Hedrich R, Budker D. · Sci Rep · 2021 · DOI 10.1038/s41598-021-81114-w
Four QZFMs detected magnetic fields associated with action potentials in a Venus flytrap, with the plant positioned only millimeters from the sensing volume.
Why it matters: Memorable evidence that sensitive biomagnetism extends beyond the human brain, heart, and muscles.
Gialopsou A, Abel C, James TM, Coussens T, Bason MG, Puddy R, Di Lorenzo F, Rolfs K, Voigt J, Sander T, Cercignani M, Krüger P. · Sci Rep · 2021 · DOI 10.1038/s41598-021-01854-7
Hill RM, Boto E, Rea M, Holmes N, Leggett J, Coles LA, Papastavrou M, Everton SK, Hunt BAE, Sims D, Osborne J, Shah V, Bowtell R, Brookes MJ. · Neuroimage · 2020 · DOI 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116995
Researchers constructed a whole-head wearable MEG system using 49 second-generation QZFMs and compared its measurements with a conventional MEG system.
Why it matters: Marked the transition from small experimental arrays to a scalable whole-head imaging platform.
Borna A, Carter TR, Colombo AP, Jau YY, McKay J, Weisend M, Taulu S, Stephen JM, Schwindt PDD. · PLoS One · 2020 · DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0227684
Vivekananda U, Mellor S, Tierney TM, Holmes N, Boto E, Leggett J, Roberts G, Hill RM, Litvak V, Brookes MJ, Bowtell R, Barnes GR, Walker MC. · Ann Clin Transl Neurol · 2020 · DOI 10.1002/acn3.50995
Savukov I, Kim YJ, Schultz G. · J Magn Reson · 2020 · DOI 10.1016/j.jmr.2020.106780
Jaufenthaler A, Schier P, Middelmann T, Liebl M, Wiekhorst F, Baumgarten D. · Sensors (Basel) · 2020 · DOI 10.3390/s20030753
Hu Y, Iwata GZ, Mohammadi M, Silletta EV, Wickenbrock A, Blanchard JW, Budker D, Jerschow A. · Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A · 2020 · DOI 10.1073/pnas.1917172117
Jodko-Władzińska A, Wildner K, Pałko T, Władziński M. · Sensors (Basel) · 2020 · DOI 10.3390/s20164563
Strand S, Lutter W, Strasburger JF, Shah V, Baffa O, Wakai RT. · J Am Heart Assoc · 2019 · DOI 10.1161/jaha.119.013436
A QuSpin Zero Field Magnetometer array was compared directly with a multichannel SQUID system in fetal magnetocardiography, including recordings from fetuses with clinically significant arrhythmias. The study reported comparable cardiac interval measurements and framed the QZFM-based system as a substantially more practical route to fetal cardiac electrophysiology.
Why it matters: Moved the fetal application from early feasibility toward a credible lower-cost system concept. The paper estimated that the principal OPM system components could be assembled for roughly one-tenth the cost of the laboratory's SQUID and shielded-room installation, without cryogenic operation.
Hill RM, Boto E, Holmes N, Hartley C, Seedat ZA, Leggett J, Roberts G, Shah V, Tierney TM, Woolrich MW, Stagg CJ, Barnes GR, Bowtell R, Slater R, Brookes MJ. · Nat Commun · 2019 · DOI 10.1038/s41467-019-12486-x
Holmes N, Tierney TM, Leggett J, Boto E, Mellor S, Roberts G, Hill RM, Shah V, Barnes GR, Brookes MJ, Bowtell R. · Sci Rep · 2019 · DOI 10.1038/s41598-019-50697-w
Barry DN, Tierney TM, Holmes N, Boto E, Roberts G, Leggett J, Bowtell R, Brookes MJ, Barnes GR, Maguire EA. · Neuroimage · 2019 · DOI 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116192
Roberts G, Holmes N, Alexander N, Boto E, Leggett J, Hill RM, Shah V, Rea M, Vaughan R, Maguire EA, Kessler K, Beebe S, Fromhold M, Barnes GR, Bowtell R, Brookes MJ. · Neuroimage · 2019 · DOI 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.06.010
Lin CH, Tierney TM, Holmes N, Boto E, Leggett J, Bestmann S, Bowtell R, Brookes MJ, Barnes GR, Miall RC. · J Physiol · 2019 · DOI 10.1113/jp277899
Duque-Muñoz L, Tierney TM, Meyer SS, Boto E, Holmes N, Roberts G, Leggett J, Vargas-Bonilla JF, Bowtell R, Brookes MJ, López JD, Barnes GR. · Hum Brain Mapp · 2019 · DOI 10.1002/hbm.24707
Kim YJ, Chu PH, Savukov I, Newman S. · Nat Commun · 2019 · DOI 10.1038/s41467-019-10169-1
Iivanainen J, Zetter R, Grön M, Hakkarainen K, Parkkonen L. · Neuroimage · 2019 · DOI 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.03.022
An array of Gen-1 QZFMs was combined with active magnetic-field compensation to support on-scalp MEG.
Why it matters: Addressed one of the central engineering requirements for practical OPM-MEG: maintaining the low-field environment needed by the sensors.
Zetter R, Iivanainen J, Parkkonen L. · Sci Rep · 2019 · DOI 10.1038/s41598-019-41763-4
Margo Batie, Sarah Bitant, Janette F. Strasburger, Vishal Shah, Orang Alem, Ronald T. Wakai · JACC: Clinical Electrophysiology 4(2), 284–287 · 2018 · DOI 10.1016/j.jacep.2017.08.009
In a direct comparison with an FDA-approved SQUID system, a modular array of three to eight QuSpin Zero Field Magnetometers recorded fetal cardiac signals from healthy pregnancies and pregnancies complicated by serious arrhythmia or elevated arrhythmia risk. With the eight-sensor configuration and improved data acquisition, the OPM recordings approached the SQUID system's signal-to-noise performance.
Why it matters: An early direct clinical demonstration that QZFM could detect fetal rhythm abnormalities with efficacy similar to a SQUID system, including abnormal repolarization that can be difficult to characterize using fetal echocardiography alone.
Holmes N, Leggett J, Boto E, Roberts G, Hill RM, Tierney TM, Shah V, Barnes GR, Brookes MJ, Bowtell R. · Neuroimage · 2018 · DOI 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.07.028
Boto E, Holmes N, Leggett J, Roberts G, Shah V, Meyer SS, Muñoz LD, Mullinger KJ, Tierney TM, Bestmann S, Barnes GR, Bowtell R, Brookes MJ. · Nature · 2018 · DOI 10.1038/nature26147
A landmark wearable-MEG study showed that participants could move naturally while their brain activity was recorded using QuSpin sensors.
Why it matters: Removed one of the defining restrictions of conventional MEG: keeping a participant's head motionless inside a fixed cryogenic scanner.
Bougas L, Langenegger LD, Mora CA, Zeltner M, Stark WJ, Wickenbrock A, Blanchard JW, Budker D. · Sci Rep · 2018 · DOI 10.1038/s41598-018-21802-2
A QZFM-based system detected extremely small quantities of magnetic nanoparticles in flowing water and complex fluids in real time.
Why it matters: Demonstrated a non-destructive application outside neuroimaging, with potential relevance to magnetic-particle blood purification and process monitoring.
Vishal K. Shah, James Osborne, Jeff Orton, Orang Alem · Proceedings of SPIE 10548, 105481G · 2018 · DOI 10.1117/12.2299197
The foundational QZFM instrumentation paper describes a compact, integrated, and automated zero-field magnetometer designed for biomagnetic research and operation by non-specialists.
Why it matters: Introduced the enabling sensor architecture behind many of the applications featured on this page.
Rasmus Zetter, Joonas Iivanainen, Lauri Parkkonen · Scientific Reports · 2018 · DOI 10.1101/498113
Hari Eswaran, Diana Escalona-Vargas, Elijah H. Bolin, James D. Wilson, Curtis L. Lowery · Prenatal Diagnosis 37(2), 193–196 · 2017 · DOI 10.1002/pd.4976
An early demonstration that noncryogenic optically pumped magnetometers could reproduce important fetal cardiac measurements traditionally acquired with SQUID systems.
Why it matters: Established the possibility of making fetal magnetocardiography more adaptable and less expensive.
Lew S, Hämäläinen MS, Okada Y. · Clin Neurophysiol · 2017 · DOI 10.1016/j.clinph.2017.08.026
Boto E, Meyer SS, Shah V, Alem O, Knappe S, Kruger P, Fromhold TM, Lim M, Glover PM, Morris PG, Bowtell R, Barnes GR, Brookes MJ. · Neuroimage · 2017 · DOI 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.01.034
I Savukov, Y J Kim, V Shah, M G Boshier · Measurement Science and Technology · 2017 · DOI 10.1088/1361-6501/aa58b4
Kim YJ, Savukov I. · Sci Rep · 2016 · DOI 10.1038/srep24773
Vishal K. Shah, Ronald T. Wakai · Physics in Medicine & Biology 58(22), 8153–8161 · 2013 · DOI 10.1088/0031-9155/58/22/8153
Shah and Wakai presented a compact, room-temperature atomic magnetometer with a 2 × 2 × 5 cm sensor head and magnetic-field resolution below 10 fT/√Hz. In side-by-side measurements, the prototype produced adult magnetocardiography and magnetoencephalography recordings comparable in quality to those acquired with a cryogenic SQUID system.
Why it matters: Established the compact form factor, sensitivity, and practical biomagnetic performance that set the direction for QZFM, and began the QuSpin–University of Wisconsin collaboration between sensor development and clinical biomagnetism.
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Sensor generations are shown only where confirmed in the published methods. Entries without a generation label are pending verification.